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ssh-audit/src/ssh_audit/hostkeytest.py

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"""
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (C) 2017-2024 Joe Testa (jtesta@positronsecurity.com)
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
"""
# pylint: disable=unused-import
from typing import Dict, List, Set, Sequence, Tuple, Iterable # noqa: F401
from typing import Callable, Optional, Union, Any # noqa: F401
import traceback
from ssh_audit.kexdh import KexDH, KexDHException, KexGroup1, KexGroup14_SHA1, KexGroup14_SHA256, KexCurve25519_SHA256, KexGroup16_SHA512, KexGroup18_SHA512, KexGroupExchange_SHA1, KexGroupExchange_SHA256, KexNISTP256, KexNISTP384, KexNISTP521
from ssh_audit.ssh2_kex import SSH2_Kex
from ssh_audit.ssh2_kexdb import SSH2_KexDB
from ssh_audit.ssh_socket import SSH_Socket
from ssh_audit.outputbuffer import OutputBuffer
# Obtains host keys, checks their size, and derives their fingerprints.
class HostKeyTest:
# Tracks the RSA host key types. As of this writing, testing one in this family yields valid results for the rest.
RSA_FAMILY = ['ssh-rsa', 'rsa-sha2-256', 'rsa-sha2-512']
# Dict holding the host key types we should extract & parse. 'cert' is True to denote that a host key type handles certificates (thus requires additional parsing). 'variable_key_len' is True for host key types that can have variable sizes (True only for RSA types, as the rest are of fixed-size).
HOST_KEY_TYPES = {
'ssh-rsa': {'cert': False, 'variable_key_len': True},
'rsa-sha2-256': {'cert': False, 'variable_key_len': True},
'rsa-sha2-512': {'cert': False, 'variable_key_len': True},
'ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com': {'cert': True, 'variable_key_len': True},
'rsa-sha2-256-cert-v01@openssh.com': {'cert': True, 'variable_key_len': True},
'rsa-sha2-512-cert-v01@openssh.com': {'cert': True, 'variable_key_len': True},
'ssh-ed25519': {'cert': False, 'variable_key_len': False},
'ssh-ed25519-cert-v01@openssh.com': {'cert': True, 'variable_key_len': False},
'ssh-ed448': {'cert': False, 'variable_key_len': False},
# 'ssh-ed448-cert-v01@openssh.com': {'cert': True, 'variable_key_len': False},
'ecdsa-sha2-nistp256': {'cert': False, 'variable_key_len': False},
'ecdsa-sha2-nistp384': {'cert': False, 'variable_key_len': False},
'ecdsa-sha2-nistp521': {'cert': False, 'variable_key_len': False},
'ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com': {'cert': True, 'variable_key_len': False},
'ecdsa-sha2-nistp384-cert-v01@openssh.com': {'cert': True, 'variable_key_len': False},
'ecdsa-sha2-nistp521-cert-v01@openssh.com': {'cert': True, 'variable_key_len': False},
'ssh-dss': {'cert': False, 'variable_key_len': True},
'ssh-dss-cert-v01@openssh.com': {'cert': True, 'variable_key_len': True},
}
TWO2K_MODULUS_WARNING = '2048-bit modulus only provides 112-bits of symmetric strength'
SMALL_ECC_MODULUS_WARNING = '224-bit ECC modulus only provides 112-bits of symmetric strength'
@staticmethod
def run(out: 'OutputBuffer', s: 'SSH_Socket', server_kex: 'SSH2_Kex') -> None:
KEX_TO_DHGROUP = {
'diffie-hellman-group1-sha1': KexGroup1,
'diffie-hellman-group14-sha1': KexGroup14_SHA1,
'diffie-hellman-group14-sha256': KexGroup14_SHA256,
'curve25519-sha256': KexCurve25519_SHA256,
'curve25519-sha256@libssh.org': KexCurve25519_SHA256,
'diffie-hellman-group16-sha512': KexGroup16_SHA512,
'diffie-hellman-group18-sha512': KexGroup18_SHA512,
'diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1': KexGroupExchange_SHA1,
'diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256': KexGroupExchange_SHA256,
'ecdh-sha2-nistp256': KexNISTP256,
'ecdh-sha2-nistp384': KexNISTP384,
'ecdh-sha2-nistp521': KexNISTP521,
# 'kexguess2@matt.ucc.asn.au': ???
}
# Pick the first kex algorithm that the server supports, which we
# happen to support as well.
kex_str = None
kex_group = None
for server_kex_alg in server_kex.kex_algorithms:
if server_kex_alg in KEX_TO_DHGROUP:
kex_str = server_kex_alg
kex_group = KEX_TO_DHGROUP[kex_str](out)
break
if kex_str is not None and kex_group is not None:
HostKeyTest.perform_test(out, s, server_kex, kex_str, kex_group, HostKeyTest.HOST_KEY_TYPES)
@staticmethod
def perform_test(out: 'OutputBuffer', s: 'SSH_Socket', server_kex: 'SSH2_Kex', kex_str: str, kex_group: 'KexDH', host_key_types: Dict[str, Dict[str, bool]]) -> None:
hostkey_modulus_size = 0
ca_modulus_size = 0
parsed_host_key_types = set()
# If the connection still exists, close it so we can test
# using a clean slate (otherwise it may exist in a non-testable
# state).
if s.is_connected():
s.close()
# For each host key type...
for host_key_type in host_key_types:
key_fail_comments = []
key_warn_comments = []
# Skip those already handled (i.e.: those in the RSA family, as testing one tests them all).
if host_key_type in parsed_host_key_types:
continue
# If this host key type is supported by the server, we test it.
if host_key_type in server_kex.key_algorithms:
out.d('Preparing to obtain ' + host_key_type + ' host key...', write_now=True)
cert = host_key_types[host_key_type]['cert']
# If the connection is closed, re-open it and get the kex again.
if not s.is_connected():
err = s.connect()
if err is not None:
out.v(err, write_now=True)
return
_, _, err = s.get_banner()
if err is not None:
out.v(err, write_now=True)
s.close()
return
# Send our KEX using the specified group-exchange and most of the server's own values.
s.send_kexinit(key_exchanges=[kex_str], hostkeys=[host_key_type], ciphers=server_kex.server.encryption, macs=server_kex.server.mac, compressions=server_kex.server.compression, languages=server_kex.server.languages)
try:
# Parse the server's KEX.
_, payload = s.read_packet()
SSH2_Kex.parse(out, payload)
except Exception:
msg = "Failed to parse server's kex."
if not out.debug:
msg += " Re-run in debug mode to see stack trace."
out.v(msg, write_now=True)
out.d("Stack trace:\n%s" % str(traceback.format_exc()), write_now=True)
return
# Do the initial DH exchange. The server responds back
# with the host key and its length. Bingo. We also get back the host key fingerprint.
kex_group.send_init(s)
raw_hostkey_bytes = b''
try:
kex_reply = kex_group.recv_reply(s)
raw_hostkey_bytes = kex_reply if kex_reply is not None else b''
except KexDHException:
msg = "Failed to parse server's host key."
if not out.debug:
msg += " Re-run in debug mode to see stack trace."
out.v(msg, write_now=True)
out.d("Stack trace:\n%s" % str(traceback.format_exc()), write_now=True)
# Since parsing this host key failed, there's nothing more to do but close the socket and move on to the next host key type.
s.close()
continue
hostkey_modulus_size = kex_group.get_hostkey_size()
ca_key_type = kex_group.get_ca_type()
ca_modulus_size = kex_group.get_ca_size()
out.d("Hostkey type: [%s]; hostkey size: %u; CA type: [%s]; CA modulus size: %u" % (host_key_type, hostkey_modulus_size, ca_key_type, ca_modulus_size), write_now=True)
out.d("Raw hostkey bytes (%d): [%s]" % (len(raw_hostkey_bytes), raw_hostkey_bytes.hex()), write_now=True)
# Record all the host key info.
server_kex.set_host_key(host_key_type, raw_hostkey_bytes, hostkey_modulus_size, ca_key_type, ca_modulus_size)
# Set the hostkey size for all RSA key types since 'ssh-rsa', 'rsa-sha2-256', etc. are all using the same host key. Note, however, that this may change in the future.
if cert is False and host_key_type in HostKeyTest.RSA_FAMILY:
for rsa_type in HostKeyTest.RSA_FAMILY:
server_kex.set_host_key(rsa_type, raw_hostkey_bytes, hostkey_modulus_size, ca_key_type, ca_modulus_size)
# Close the socket, as the connection has
# been put in a state that later tests can't use.
s.close()
# If the host key modulus or CA modulus was successfully parsed, check to see that its a safe size.
if hostkey_modulus_size > 0 or ca_modulus_size > 0:
# The minimum good modulus size for RSA host keys is 3072. However, since ECC cryptosystems are fundamentally different, the minimum good is 256.
hostkey_min_good = cakey_min_good = 3072
hostkey_min_warn = cakey_min_warn = 2048
hostkey_warn_str = cakey_warn_str = HostKeyTest.TWO2K_MODULUS_WARNING
if host_key_type.startswith('ssh-ed25519') or host_key_type.startswith('ecdsa-sha2-nistp'):
hostkey_min_good = 256
hostkey_min_warn = 224
hostkey_warn_str = HostKeyTest.SMALL_ECC_MODULUS_WARNING
if ca_key_type.startswith('ssh-ed25519') or ca_key_type.startswith('ecdsa-sha2-nistp'):
cakey_min_good = 256
cakey_min_warn = 224
cakey_warn_str = HostKeyTest.SMALL_ECC_MODULUS_WARNING
# Keys smaller than 2048 result in a failure. Keys smaller 3072 result in a warning. Update the database accordingly.
if (cert is False) and (hostkey_modulus_size < hostkey_min_good) and (host_key_type != 'ssh-dss'): # Skip ssh-dss, otherwise we get duplicate failure messages (SSH2_KexDB will always flag it).
# If the key is under 2048, add to the failure list.
if hostkey_modulus_size < hostkey_min_warn:
key_fail_comments.append('using small %d-bit modulus' % hostkey_modulus_size)
elif hostkey_warn_str not in key_warn_comments: # Issue a warning about 2048-bit moduli.
key_warn_comments.append(hostkey_warn_str)
elif (cert is True) and ((hostkey_modulus_size < hostkey_min_good) or (0 < ca_modulus_size < cakey_min_good)):
# If the host key is smaller than 2048-bit/224-bit, flag this as a failure.
if hostkey_modulus_size < hostkey_min_warn:
key_fail_comments.append('using small %d-bit hostkey modulus' % hostkey_modulus_size)
# Otherwise, this is just a warning.
elif (hostkey_modulus_size < hostkey_min_good) and (hostkey_warn_str not in key_warn_comments):
key_warn_comments.append(hostkey_warn_str)
# If the CA key is smaller than 2048-bit/224-bit, flag this as a failure.
if 0 < ca_modulus_size < cakey_min_warn:
key_fail_comments.append('using small %d-bit CA key modulus' % ca_modulus_size)
# Otherwise, this is just a warning.
elif (0 < ca_modulus_size < cakey_min_good) and (cakey_warn_str not in key_warn_comments):
key_warn_comments.append(cakey_warn_str)
# If the CA key type uses ECDSA with a NIST P-curve, fail it for possibly being back-doored.
if ca_key_type.startswith('ecdsa-sha2-nistp'):
key_fail_comments.append('CA key uses elliptic curves that are suspected as being backdoored by the U.S. National Security Agency')
# If this host key type is in the RSA family, then mark them all as parsed (since results in one are valid for them all).
if host_key_type in HostKeyTest.RSA_FAMILY:
for rsa_type in HostKeyTest.RSA_FAMILY:
parsed_host_key_types.add(rsa_type)
# If the current key is a member of the RSA family, then populate all RSA family members with the same
# failure and/or warning comments.
db = SSH2_KexDB.get_db()
while len(db['key'][rsa_type]) < 3:
db['key'][rsa_type].append([])
db['key'][rsa_type][1].extend(key_fail_comments)
db['key'][rsa_type][2].extend(key_warn_comments)
else:
parsed_host_key_types.add(host_key_type)
db = SSH2_KexDB.get_db()
while len(db['key'][host_key_type]) < 3:
db['key'][host_key_type].append([])
db['key'][host_key_type][1].extend(key_fail_comments)
db['key'][host_key_type][2].extend(key_warn_comments)
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